Contents

Chapter 1

OVERVIEW OF VERB TENSES

1-1

THE SIMPLE TENSES

1-2

THE PROGRESSIVE TENSES

1-3

THE PERFECT TENSES

1-4

THE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES

1-5

SUMMARY CHART OF VERB TENSES

1-6

SPELLING OF -ING AND -ED FORMS

Chapter 2

PRESENT AND PAST, SIMPLE
AND PROGRESSIVE

2-1

SIMPLE PRESENT

2-2

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

2-3

STATIVE VERBS

2-4

AM/IS/ARE BEING + ADJECTIVE

2-5

REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS

2-6

REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF -ED ENDINGS

2-7

IRREGULAR VERBS: AN ALPHABETICAL LIST

2-8

TROUBLESOME VERBS:
RAISE/RISE, SET/SIT, LAY/LIE

2-9

SIMPLE PAST

2-10

PAST PROGRESSIVE

2-11

USING PROGRESSIVE VERBS WITH
ALWAYS TO COMPLAIN

2-12

USING EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE
WITH PROGRESSIVE VERBS

Chapter 3

PERFECT AND PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES

3-1

PRESENT PERFECT

3-2

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

3-3

PAST PERFECT

3-4

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Chapter 4

FUTURE TIME

4-1

SIMPLE FUTURE: WILL AND BE GOING TO

4-2

WILL VS. BE GOING TO

4-3

EXPRESSING THE FUTURE IN TIME CLAUSES

4-4

USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE AND THE SIMPLE PRESENT TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME

4-5

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

4-6

FUTURE PERFECT

4-7

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Chapter 5

ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME AND
REVIEW OF VERB TENSES

5-1

ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME: FORM

5-2

USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW TIME RELATIONSHIPS

Chapter 6

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

6-1

FINAL -S/-ES USE, PRONUNCIATION, AND SPELLING

6-2

BASIC SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

6-3

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

6-4

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: USING THERE + BE

6-5

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: SOME IRREGULARITIES

Chapter 7

NOUNS

7-1

REGULAR AND IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS

7-2

POSSESSIVE NOUNS

7-3

USING NOUNS AS MODIFIERS

7-4

COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS

7-5

NONCOUNT NOUNS

7-6

SOME COMMON NONCOUNT NOUNS

7-7

BASIC ARTICLE USAGE

7-8

GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE

7-9

EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

7-10

USING A FEW AND FEW; A LITTLE AND LITTLE

7-11

USING OF IN EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

7-12

ALL (OF) AND BOTH (OF)

7-13

SINGULAR EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY: ONE, EACH, EVERY

Chapter 8

PRONOUNS

8-1

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

8-2

PERSONAL PRONOUNS:
AGREEMENT WITH GENERIC NOUNS
AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

8-3

PERSONAL PRONOUNS:
AGREEMENT WITH COLLECTIVE NOUNS

8-4

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

8-5

USING YOU, ONE, AND THEY AS IMPERSONAL PRONOUNS

8-6

FORMS OF OTHER

8-7

COMMON EXPRESSIONS WITH OTHER

Chapter 9

MODALS, PART 1

9-1

INTRODUCTION

9-2

POLITE QUESTIONS WITH I AS THE SUBJECT

9-3

POLITE QUESTIONS WITH YOU AS THE SUBJECT

9-4

POLITE REQUESTS WITH WOULD YOU MIND

9-5

EXPRESSING NECESSITY:
MUST, HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO

9-6

LACK OF NECESSITY AND PROHIBITION:
HAVE TO AND MUST IN THE NEGATIVE

9-7

ADVISABILITY: SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER

9-8

THE PAST FORM OF SHOULD

9-9

EXPECTATIONS: BE SUPPOSED TO

9-10

MAKING SUGGESTIONS:
LET'S, WHY DON'T, SHALL I/WE

9-11

MAKING SUGGESTIONS: COULD VS. SHOULD

Chapter 10

MODALS, PART 2

10-1

DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: PRESENT TIME

10-2

DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: PRESENT TIME NEGATIVE

10-3

DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: PAST TIME

10-4

DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: FUTURE TIME

10-5

PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS

10-6

ABILITY: CAN AND COULD

10-7

USING WOULD TO EXPRESS A REPEATED
ACTION IN THE PAST

10-8

EXPRESSING PREFERENCE: WOULD RATHER

10-9

COMBINING MODALS WITH PHRASAL MODALS

10-10

SUMMARY CHART OF MODALS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS

Chapter 11

THE PASSIVE

11-1

FORMING THE PASSIVE

11-2

USING THE PASSIVE

11-3

INDIRECT OBJECTS USED AS PASSIVE SUBJECTS

11-4

THE PASSIVE FORM OF MODALS
AND PHRASAL MODALS

11-5

STATIVE PASSIVE

11-6

COMMON STATIVE PASSIVE VERBS + PREPOSITIONS

11-7

THE PASSIVE WITH GET

11-8

PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES

Chapter 12

NOUN CLAUSES

12-1

INTRODUCTION

12-2

NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH A QUESTION WORD

12-3

NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH WHETHER OR IF

12-4

QUESTION WORDS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES

12-5

NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH THAT

12-6

QUOTED SPEECH

12-7

REPORTED SPEECH: VERB FORMS IN NOUN CLAUSES

12-8

USING THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES

12-9

USING -EVER WORDS

Chapter 13

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

13-1

INTRODUCTION

13-2

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PRONOUNS USED AS THE SUBJECT

13-3

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PRONOUNS USED AS THE OBJECT OF A VERB

13-4

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PRONOUNS USED AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION

13-5

USUAL PATTERNS OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

13-6

USING WHOSE

13-7

USING WHERE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

13-8

USING WHEN IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

13-9

USING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO MODIFY PRONOUNS

13-10

PUNCTUATING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

13-11

USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

13-12

USING NOUN + OF WHICH

13-13

USING WHICH TO MODIFY A WHOLE SENTENCE

13-14

REDUCING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO ADJECTIVE PHRASES: INTRODUCTION

13-15

CHANGING AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE TO AN ADJECTIVE PHRASE

Chapter 14

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES, PART 1

14-1

GERUNDS: INTRODUCTION

14-2

USING GERUNDS AS THE OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS

14-3

COMMON PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS

14-4

COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS

14-5

GO + GERUND

14-6

SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS FOLLOWED BY -ING

14-7

COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES

14-8

COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY EITHER INFINITIVES OR GERUNDS

14-9

REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS

14-10

REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES

14-11

IT + INFINITIVE; GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES AS SUBJECTS

Chapter 15

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES, PART 2

15-1

INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE: IN ORDER TO

15-2

ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES

15-3

USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

15-4

PASSIVE AND PAST FORMS OF INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

15-5

USING GERUNDS OR PASSIVE INFINITIVES FOLLOWING NEED

15-6

USING A POSSESSIVE TO MODIFY A GERUND

15-7

USING VERBS OF PERCEPTION

15-8

USING THE SIMPLE FORM AFTER LET AND HELP

15-9

USING CAUSATIVE VERBS: MAKE, HAVE, GET

Chapter 16

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

16-1

PARALLEL STRUCTURE

16-2

USING PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS: BOTH . . . AND; NOT ONLY... BUT ALSO; EITHER . . . OR; NEITHER . . . NOR

16-3

COMBINING INDEPENDENT CLAUSES WITH COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Chapter 17

ADVERB CLAUSES

17-1

INTRODUCTION

17-2

USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW CAUSE AND EFFECT

17-3

EXPRESSING CONTRAST (UNEXPECTED RESULT): USING EVEN THOUGH

17-4

SHOWING DIRECT CONTRAST: WHILE AND WHEREAS

17-5

EXPRESSING CONDITIONS IN ADVERB CLAUSES: IF-CLAUSES

17-6

ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING WHETHER OR NOT AND EVEN IF

17-7

ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING IN CASE AND IN THE EVENT THAT

17-8

ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING UNLESS

17-9

ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING ONLY IF

Chapter 18

REDUCTION OF ADVERB CLAUSES TO MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES

18-1

INTRODUCTION

18-2

CHANGING TIME CLAUSES TO MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES

18-3

EXPRESSING THE IDEA OF "DURING THE SAME TIME" IN MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES

18-4

EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT IN MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES

18-5

USING UPON + -ING IN MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES

Chapter 19

CONNECTIVES THAT EXPRESS CAUSE AND EFFECT, CONTRAST, AND CONDITION

19-1

USING BECAUSE OF AND DUE TO

19-2

USING TRANSITIONS TO SHOW CAUSE AND EFFECT: THEREFORE AND CONSEQUENTLY

19-3

SUMMARY OF PATTERNS AND PUNCTUATION

19-4

OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT: SUCH . . . THAT AND SO . . . THAT

19-5

EXPRESSING PURPOSE: USING SO THAT

19-6

SHOWING CONTRAST (UNEXPECTED RESULT)

19-7

SHOWING DIRECT CONTRAST

19-8

EXPRESSING CONDITIONS: USING OTHERWISE AND OR (ELSE)

19-9

SUMMARY OF CONNECTIVES: CAUSE AND EFFECT, CONTRAST, CONDITION

Chapter 20

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES AND WISHES

20-1

OVERVIEW OF BASIC VERB FORMS USED IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

20-2

TRUE IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE

20-3

UNTRUE (CONTRARY TO FACT) IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE

20-4

UNTRUE (CONTRARY TO FACT) IN THE PAST

20-5

USING PROGRESSIVE VERB FORMS IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

20-6

USING "MIXED TIME" IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

20-7

OMITTING IF

20-8

IMPLIED CONDITIONS

20-9

USING AS IF/AS THOUGH

20-10

VERB FORMS FOLLOWING WISH

20-11

USING WOULD TO MAKE WISHES ABOUT THE FUTURE

APPENDIX

SUPPLEMENTARY GRAMMAR UNITS

Unit A:

BASIC GRAMMAR TERMINOLOGY

A-1

SUBJECTS, VERBS, AND OBJECTS

A-2

PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

A-3

ADJECTIVES

A-4

ADVERBS

A-5

THE VERB BE

A-6

LINKING VERBS

Unit B:

QUESTIONS

B-1

FORMS OF YES/NO AND INFORMATION QUESTIONS

B-2

QUESTION WORDS

B-3

SHORTENED YES/NO QUESTIONS

B-4

NEGATIVE QUESTIONS

B-5

TAG QUESTIONS

Unit C:

CONTRACTIONS

Unit D:

NEGATIVES

D-1

USING NOT AND OTHER NEGATIVE WORDS

D-2

AVOIDING DOUBLE NEGATIVES

D-3

BEGINNING A SENTENCE WITH A NEGATIVE WORD

Unit E:

PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS

E

PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS WITH
ADJECTIVES AND VERBS

Unit F:

CONNECTIVES TO GIVE EXAMPLES AND TO CONTINUE AN IDEA

F-1

CONNECTIVES TO GIVE EXAMPLES

F-2

CONNECTIVES TO CONTINUE THE SAME IDEA

Unit G:

VERB FORM REVIEW EXERCISES

INDEX