Contents

CHAPTER 1

PRESENT TIME

1-1

THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

1-2

FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

1-3

FREQUENCY ADVERBS

1-4

FINAL -S

1-5

SPELLING OFFINAL -S/-ES

1-6

NON-ACTION VERBS

1-7

PRESENT VERBS: SHORT ANSWERS TO YES/NO
QUESTIONS

CHAPTER 2

PAST TIME

2-1

EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST

2-2

FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR VERBS

2-3

FORMS OF THE SIMPLE: BE

2-4

REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF -ED ENDINGS

2-5

SPELLING OF -ING AND -ED FORMS

2-6

THE PRINCIPLE PARTS OF A VERB

2-7

IRREGULAR VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST

2-8

THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE

2-9

FORMS OF THE PAST PROGRESSIVE

2-10

EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES

2-11

 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO

CHAPTER 3

FUTURE TIME

3-1

EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME:BE GOING TO AND WILL

3-2

FORMS WITH BE GOING TO

3-3

FORMS WITH WILL

3-4

SURENESS ABOUT THE FUTURE

3-5

BE GOING TO VS. WILL

3-6

EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME IN TIME CLAUSES AND IF-CLAUSES

3-7

USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME

3-8

USING THE SIMPLE PRESENT
TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME

3-9

IMMEDIATE FUTURE: USING BE ABOUT TO

3-10

PARALLEL VERBS

CHAPTER 4

THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST PERFECT

4-1

PAST PARTICIPLE

4-2

FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

4-3

MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

4-4

SIMPLE PAST VS. PRESENT PERFECT

4-5

USING SINCE AND FOR

4-6

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

4-7

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE VS. PRESENT PERFECT

4-8

USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE

4-9

PAST PERFECT

CHAPTER 5

ASKING QUESTIONS

5-1

YES/NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS

5-2

YES/NO QUESTIONS AND INFORMATION QUESTIONS

5-3

QUESTIONS WITH WHO, WHO(M), AND WHAT

5-4

USING COULD TO EXPRESS POSSIBILITY

5-5

SPOKEN AND WRITTEN CONTRACTIONS WITH QUESTION WORDS

5-6

USING WHAT + A FORM OF DO

5-7

USING WHAT KIND OF

5-8

USING WHICH

5-9

USING WHOSE

5-10

USING HOW

5-11

USING HOW OFTEN

5-12

USING HOW FAR

5-13

LENGTH OF TIME: IT + TAKE AND HOW LONG

5-14

MORE QUESTIONS WITH HOW

5-15

USING HOW ABOUT AND WHAT ABOUT

5-16

TAG QUESTIONS

CHAPTER 6

NOUNS AND PRONOUNS

6-1

PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -S/-ES

6-2

PLURAL FORMS AND NOUNS

6-3

SUBJECTS, VERBS, AND OBJECTS

6-4

OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS

6-5

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

6-6

WORD ORDER: PLACE AND TIME

6-7

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

6-8

USING ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE NOUNS

6-9

USING NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES

6-10

PERSONAL PRONOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS

6-11

POSSESSIVE NOUNS

6-12

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

6-13

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

6-14

SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHER: ANOTHER VS. THE OTHER

6-15

PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER: OTHER(S) VS. THE OTHER(S)

6-16

SUMMARY OF FORMS OF OTHER

CHAPTER 7

MODAL AUXILIARIES

7-1

THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES

7-2

EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD

7-3

EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY AND MIGHT
EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN

7-4

USING COULD TO EXPRESS POSSIBILITY

7-5

POLITE QUESTIONS: MAY I, COULD I, CAN I

7-6

POLITE QUESTIONS: WOULD YOU, COULD YOU, WILL YOU, CAN YOU

7-7

EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD AND OUGHT TO

7-8

EXPRESSING ADVICE: HAD BETTER

7-9

EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST

7-10

EXPRESSING LACK OF NECESSITY: DO NOT HAVE TO
EXPRESSING PROHIBITION: MUST NOT

7-11

MAKING LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS: MUST

7-12

GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

7-13

MAKING SUGGESTIONS: LET’S AND WHY DON’T

7-14

STATING PREFERENCES: PREFER, LIKE…BETTER, WOULD RATHER

CHAPTER 8

CONNECTING IDEAS

8-1

CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND

8-2

CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR

8-3

CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO

8-4

USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND

8-5

USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER

8-6

CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE

8-7

CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH / ALTHOUGH

CHAPTER 9

COMPARISONS

9-1

MAKING COMPARISONS WITH AS … AS

9-2

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

9-3

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

9-4

COMPLETING A COMPARATIVE

9-5

MODIFYING COMPARATIVES

9-6

COMPARISONS WITH LESS … THAN AND NOT AS … AS

9-7

UNCLEAR COMPARISONS

9-8

USING MORE WITH NOUNS

9-9

REPEATING A COMPARISON

9-10

USING DOUBLE COMPARATIVES

9-11

USING SUPERLATIVES

9-12

USING THE SAME, SIMILAR, DIFFERENT, LIKE, AND ALIKE

CHAPTER 10

THE PASSIVE

10-1

ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES

10-2

FORM OF THE PASSIVE

10-3

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS

10-4

USING THE BY-PHRASE

10-5

THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST PROGRESSIVE

10-6

THE PASSIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES

10-7

USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES (STATIVE PASSIVE)

10-8

PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES: -ED VS. -ING

10-9

GET + ADJECTIVE; GET + PAST PARTICIPLE

10-10

USING BE USED / ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET USED / GET ACCUSTOMED TO

10-11

USED TO VS. BE USED TO

10-12

USING BE SUPPOSED TO

CHAPTER 11

PASSIVE SENTENCES

11-1

A VS. AN

11-2

COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS

11-3

NONCOUNT NOUNS

11-4

MORE NONCOUNT NOUNS

11-5

USING SEVERAL, A LOT OF, MANY / MUCH, AND A FEW / A LITTLE

11-6

NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNT OR NONCOUNT

11-7

USING UNITS OF MEASURE WITH NONCOUNT NOUNS

11-8

GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE

11-9

USING THE OR Ø WITH NAMES

11-10

CAPITALIZATION

CHAPTER 12

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

12-1

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION

12-2

USING WHO AND WHOM IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

12-3

USING WHO, WHO(M), AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

12-4

USING WHICH AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

12-5

SINGULAR AND PLURAL IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

12-6

USING PREPOSITIONS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

12-7

USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

CHAPTER 13

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

13-1

VERB + GERUND

13-2

GO + -ING

13-3

VERB + INFINITIVE

13-4

VERB + GERUND OR INFINITIVE

13-5

PREPOSITION + GERUND

13-6

USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE

13-7

USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT + INFINITIVE

13-8

IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)

13-9

EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND FOR

13-10

USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

CHAPTER 14

NOUN CLAUSES

14-1

NOUN CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION

14-2

NOUN CLAUSES THAT BEGIN WITH A QUESTION WORD

14-3

NOUN CLAUSES WITH WHO, WHAT, WHOSE + BE

14-4

NOUN CLAUSES THAT BEGIN WITH IF OR WHETHER

14-5

NOUN CLAUSES THAT BEGIN WITH THAT

14-6

OTHER USES OF THAT-CLAUSES

14-7

SUBSTITUTING SO FOR A THAT-CLAUSE IN CONVERSATIONAL RESPONSES

14-8

QUOTED SPEECH

14-9

QUOTED SPEECH VS. REPORTED SPEECH

14-10

VERB FORMS IN REPORTED SPEECH

14-11

COMMON REPORTING VERBS: TELL, ASK, ANSWER/REPLY

Appendix 1

PHRASAL VERBS

A1-1

PHRASAL VERBS: INTRODUCTION

A1-2

PHRASAL VERBS: INTRANSITIVE

A1-3

THREE-WORD PHRASAL VERBS

A1-4

PHRASAL VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST

Appendix 2

PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS

A2-1

PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS: INTRODUCTION

A2-2

PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS: A REFERENCE LIST

INDEX